Introduction. In Their 1995 Book Tinkering Toward Utopia

Introduction In their 1995 book Tinkering Toward Utopia: A Century of Public School Reform, Tyack and Cuban explained that the idea of a â€Å"retarded† student began in the mid-nineteenth century. Such students were originally defined as those who were slow learners and unable to promote to the next age-appropriate grade alongside their peers. The concept of different children developing at different rates led to the formation of the IQ test. The categorization of students by their level of intelligence followed suit. By the early twentieth century, special schools were developed for retarded children to provide them with opportunities for intellectual growth equal to those of their peers. As the twentieth century wore on and racial†¦show more content†¦It revised, expanded, and consolidated the criteria for dozens of disorders. It replaced the term â€Å"mental retardation† with â€Å"intellectual disability† and provided diagnostic criteria and proced ural guidelines for dozens of such disorders. The definition it gives for intellectual disability is as follows: Intellectual disability (intellectual developmental disorder) is a disorder with onset during the developmental period that includes both intellectual and adaptive functioning deficits in conceptual, social, and practical domains. The following three criteria must be met: A. Deficits in intellectual functions†¦confirmed by both clinical assessment and individualized, standardized intelligence testing. B. Deficits in adaptive functioning that result in failure to meet developmental and socio-cultural standards for personal independence and social responsibility. Without ongoing support, the adaptive deficits limit functioning in one or more activities of daily life†¦across multiple environments, such as home, school, work, and community. C. Onset of intellectual and adaptive deficits during the developmental period. (p.33) In the context of education, the criteria for some intellectual disabilities, such as autism, vary from state to state. Federal guidelines do not require states to use the DSM-V to identify these disorders. Furthermore, understanding of the processes of identifying and coding intellectual disability is lackingShow MoreRelatedOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pages. Organization Theory Challenges and Perspectives John McAuley, Joanne Duberley and Phil Johnson . This book is, to my knowledge, the most comprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of work

Smoking Facts - 2160 Words

Smoking in today’s world is much different then what it used to be. The thoughts of smoking have changed from good to bad. Many people believe that smoking is beneficial for their everyday lives while others want nothing to do with it. In this paper I will be discussing the: the history of smoking, the advantages/benefits of smoking, the disadvantages/risks of smoking, the components of cigarettes, and the regulations regarding the production and sale of cigarettes. â€Å"Tobacco is a plant that grows natively in North and South America. It is in the same family as the potato, pepper and the poisonous nightshade, a very deadly plant† (Randall, 1999, p. 1). American Indians used tobacco in many different ways, mainly for religious purposes†¦show more content†¦R. Reynolds also expands their brands buying Nabisco, who is famous for the popular cookie Oreo, and becoming RJR/Nabisco. In 1990 Ben and Jerry Ice Cream boycotts RJR/Nabisco and drops Oreos from its ice cream goods. Even though we are told the negative sides of tobacco many do not tell us if there are any advantages of smoking. The tobacco plant has more to offer then just a certain death. Tobacco may provide a different relief or prevention for some diseases in certain individuals. The most recognized health benefit of smoking is its ability to seemingly improve symptoms of mental illness, including anxiety and schizophrenia. People with these mental illnesses use smoking as a self-medicating kind of method. Several academic sources confirm that the risk of Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease is unexpectedly superior in non-smokers than in smokers. The University of Melbourne established that tobacco itself is a strong appetite suppressant and many were using it to self-treat compulsive overeating disorders and obesity.†Cigarette smoking has also been linked to a decrease in risk of certain inflammatory disorders, since nicotine itself appears to be an anti-inflammatory agent† (Russo, 2011, p.1). Because of tobacco smoke being anti-inflammatory some beneficial effects come to children who are exposed to secondhand smoke. â€Å"Sweden observed two generations of Swedish children and found that theShow MoreRelatedEssay on Adidas Smoking Campaign1024 Words   |  5 PagesSajid Azad 01/31/13 English 102-942 Instructor: Valerie Fox Impossible is Nothing Adidas’s latest anti-smoking campaign features three cigarette butts layed out in a white background in the style of its logo, which includes their motto â€Å"impossible is nothing†. As one of the largest suppliers of athletic gear, Adidas looks to not only promote greater advantages in sports recreation, but also in good health. The communicator in the ad is the company Adidas, the primary audience would be smokersRead MoreKentuckys Youth and Teen Smoking1020 Words   |  5 Pagesrevenue from tobacco taxes to fund smoking cessation programs, and improve the quality of anti-smoking advertising campaigns. Teenagers normally function financially on a very fixed income, commonly working part time for minimum wage. With cigarette prices at $4.50 per pack a high school student can afford to smoke regularly, but when you double that price a student will think twice about the value of cigarettes. With the numerous health risks associated with smoking, buying cigarettes at any priceRead MoreShould Smokers Pay Health Taxes or No?1314 Words   |  6 PagesUniversity of Seattle Smoking is something that happens every day in our life. People can easily find someone smoking in some street corners, even in public places like train station, hospital, dormitory. It is not strange if you cross the road and see a mom who is enjoying her cigarette in front of her child. It is a kind of action that has become a part of our society and it accidentally makes people think that smoking is normal and it is just a habit and people do notRead MoreThe Real Cost1316 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The Real Cost† According to â€Å"The Action of Smoking and Health,† every six seconds someone loses their life as a result of a tobacco related disease. It’s hard to realize how damaging cigarette smoking’s effect can be until you experience it first hand. It is almost certain that every one knows someone who is currently a smoker or was a smoker at some point in their life. For years smoking was the seen as the â€Å"cool† thing to do, it was how to â€Å"fit in.† There was no real emphasis placed on the dangersRead MoreEffects Of Smoking On The United States976 Words   |  4 PagesSmoking Smoking, the drug killer number one is everywhere at this time, even government and enough information, which we can get almost everywhere cannot stop some young people. What forces young people to smoke? Why they risk their health just for cigarettes. Is it the addiction what make them smoke, or it is a societal pressure, or it is something else ? The second important question is that, what is the major and minor effect of smoking. I have many experiences with smoking, because using of thisRead MoreMy Lifes Up And Downs And The Decisions1524 Words   |  7 Pagesmiddle and high school. The following years really struck me as a surprise when I entered my first college year and first set of assignments. Considering my standard â€Å"work-load† of finishing my homework at school was completely halted due to the mere fact that class lasted a lot longer but with no time to finish the homework assignment before leaving class yet even take a look at it. Everything was starting to g et restructured and my ‘norm was thrown out the window after a rough first semester. ThroughoutRead More Smoking and The Human Body Essay examples1467 Words   |  6 Pages Smoking is a bad habit which plagues the young, as well as the old. It is the largest source of preventable mortality in North America1. Not only does smoking lead to an early grave, but it can also influence ones daily life. Many studies have revealed links between smoking and reduced endurance capacity2. Nicotine, the addictive agent found in cigarettes, can also be used to control weight gain. Both of these factors can have considerable effect on the sporting world. There have been many studiesRead MoreTaking a Look at Smoking1682 Words   |  7 Pagesworldwide from smoking tobacco; in the United States about 480,000 people die per year (â€Å"General†). That is roughly 1,300 people a day losing their life to the most preventable cause of death in the world. The media will often cover the deaths of celebrities and individuals who die in unique accidents. However, they fail to mention the 1,300 smoking related deaths per day. Why arent these deaths announced when celebrity deaths are the headlines of the day? Teenagers who think smoking is a cool habitRead MoreTobacco Product Should Be Banned1413 Words   |  6 PagesTobacco Product should be banned According to World health organization –WHO (2014), tobacco keeps on killing 6,000,000 every year globally. Tobacco practice has been going on from ancient times. In ancient time, tobacco was used for smoking and chewing just as it today. But, now it’s time to stop this practice. Because today not only people are dying due to consumption of tobacco products, but also they are suffering from very serious diseases caused by it. Besides it is also carry great risk andRead MoreEffects Of Smoking Ban On Children1747 Words   |  7 Pages Smoking Ban Name: Institution: Course: Date: The number of people suffering from secondhand smoke in UK and US has increased tremendously over the years. A lot of money which could have been used to start projects that will spearhead growth of the economy is being directed to treat these diseases. Majority of the affected population are young children. However, research has indicated that the largest number of these children emanates from family where none of the parent is a smoker

Business Environment Efficiency and Productivity

Question: Discuss about the Business Environment Efficiency and Productivity. Answer: Introduction Rapid changes in the business environment have force companies to adopt advanced information technology for the purpose of improving the efficiency and productivity of the whole organization (Haines, 2007). This report focuses on the impact of information technology on the business of Telstra in media industry. Need of IT in Media Industry Telstra is considered as the leading telecommunication and media company of Australia. It offers different communication services in the telecommunication market. The company facilitates the customers to get connected with other people in a convenient manner. There is a need of introduction of a new technologies by the company in its products for the purpose of gaining competitive advantage over other players in the market. There is an occurrence of remarkable developments in the technology of communication (Bradberry, Greaves, 2009). There is an emergence of new technologies in the telecommunications such as use of satellites, compact discs, cable television, and other computer and digital technology. It has brought revolutionary changes in the media industry. By the use of advanced technology, people can share information with other people at distant place in microseconds. This helps them to make quick decisions. Information technology has facilitated in carrying out different business operations of media industry such as printing, video visuals, storage of large data and centralized publishing of the newspapers and magazines (Haines, 2007). With the help of information technology, the company provides an opportunity to its customers to choose from different cloud platforms provided by different providers across the globe and make decisions related to the choice of the best fit. Besides this, it also help customers to get connected with the company through its website. It help customers to communicate with the experts related to their field. In addition to this, there is a usage of Internet of Things by the company for the purpose of bringing transformation across all the industries which results in the improvement of the operational efficiency, customer experience and making of fast decisions by the users of the product (Essvale Corporation Limited, 2006). It has evolved as a machine to machine which results in enhancing the connectivity among large number of customers by the merging of two technologies i.e. cloud computing and big data. It facilitates in generation of the two way data traffic from a single platform by the use of multiple sensors (Ozlem, 2011). Importance of IT for a business Adoption of advanced information technology by the company helps employees to communicate with each other and share their views and opinions which in turn results in making decisions in an effective manner. Along with this, it also help the company to store large volume of data and information in an easy manner which can be accessed by the authorized people at any point to make better decisions. It helps in improving the operational efficiency of the organization as there is an occurrence of less errors in storing of the information due to the use of automated processes. It help business to reduce the overall cost of the organization and helps in attaining competitive advantage over its rivals in the industry (In, 2013). Requirements for the application of the IT in the business For the application of IT in the business, there is a need to provide training to the employees regarding the skills that are required to perform different operations of the business using the IT. There is a need of upgrading the skills and attitudes of the employees aligned with the needs and requirements of IT in the business. Besides this, in order to implement information technology in the firm there is a need to install the equipments in the organization on which there is an incurrence of the installation cost by the company (Gouge, 2006). In order to implement the advanced technology in Telstra, the company has organized different training programs in order to upgrade the skills of their employees so that they can easily perform different tasks by the help of the technology being implemented in the organization. It is required by the organization to provide information related to different technologies that are being implemented in the organization to its employees so that they are familiar with the technology and perform their tasks in an effective manner. Along with this, there is a requirement to incur cost in the equipments and designing of the software by engaging the employees who will be the users of the technology in order to gather information related to different problems faced by them (Gouge, 2012). This facilitates in providing user friendly technology to the organization which results in increasing the productivity of employees of the organization. In order to implement the information technology in the business, there is a requirement of planning regarding the equipments required, employees such as programmers which interact with the users in order to understand their requirement and develop the software aligned with the needs and wants of the users (Tansey, 2003). The business also needs to consider that the equipments used by the business is supportive to the technology being adopted by Telstra. There might be a possibility that the information technology system is not installed in a proper manner. For this purpose, the company might install the information system at some processes and gradually installed it to the whole organization. It is essential for the organization to run a pilot test by creating prototypes and applied it to certain processes. This helps in effective and successful implementation of the information technology to the organization (Ozlem, 2011). Usage of IT by the business Telstra is considered as the single user of information technology in Australia. The company employed approximately large number of employees who uses different IT applications for the purpose of carrying out different day to day activities such as mainframe based systems, word processing, emails and spreadsheets. It has a largest Microsoft Mail site in the world. The company has integrated its systems, processes and networks by the use of Overall System Architecture. This system helps in providing highest quality customer services. Besides this, by the use of different IT systems, managers and employees of the organization access the relevant information required by them in a timely manner for the purpose of making appropriate decisions (Acton, 2012). In addition to this, the information technology architecture helps in aligning the systems with business processes. Besides this, the hardware platforms are compatible with the core applications. The company has implemented different It solutions customized to the needs of the individuals. In addition to this, electronic mail is sent to individual businesses and is not firm wide due to presence of differences in the email software and platform. In order to meet the demands of the customers, the company has used OSA which helps in tracking the changes taking place in the tastes and preferences of the customers by the way of receiving feedback from them in an electronic form (McComb, 2003). This helps in solving the queries of the customers in an effective manner to attain high level of customer satisfaction. In addition to this, the company has also provide a facility to its customers to order the products online which is convenient for the customers as they can compare different products offered by different providers and make a selection of the best product that helps in creating value for them (Born, (2012). Advantages of IT to a business Effective implementation of the advanced information technology in business helps in reducing the cost of the business as there is an elimination of the paper work. Besides this, there is a requirement of less number of employees as the processes of the business are automated. This result in the reduction in the labor cost and has a great impact on the overall cost of the business. Along with this, the operational efficiency of the employees have been increased which leads to an increase in their productivity. In addition to this, Telstra has implemented standardized operating environment which has helped in providing effective and consistent corporate wide approach to IT (Botha, Bothma Geldenhuys, 2008). There is an increase in the cost savings, level of skills and effectiveness of the business of Telstra. Along with this, it also results in the reduction of the costs incurred to provide training to employees for the use of the IT in the business. Implementation of information technology systems in the business also helps in increasing the sharing of the information with different employees so that they can make effective decisions in the organization. Along with this, the standardization of the operating environment has also helped in integrating different networks in an easy and effective manner (Haes Wim, 2016). The company provides information and interacts with customers through electronic mails that helps in providing high level satisfaction of the customers. The use of information technology helps in providing relevant information regarding different products offered by the company and comparing it with other products offered by other companies in order to make effective decisions regarding the products to be purchased that creates value for the customer (Essvale Corporation Limited, 2006). It also helps in minimizing the occurrence of the errors due to recording of the information in an electronic form. It helps in building strong relations with customers and other stakeholders as the information has been shared with them through the use of information technology. Besides this, it also help in handling customer objections in a proper manner as the information is being sent and received in vey less time which results in increasing the performance and productivity of the employees of the organization (Corporation Essvale, 2011). Risks related to IT in a business There are several risks that are faced by the company due to usage of IT in the business. Customers are reluctant to provide personal information by the way of online mode as there is a possibility that the information is being shared by an unauthorized person. It is requisite for the business to keep confidentiality of the information provided by the customer intact. There is a requirement for the business to maintain the security of the system in tact so that the information shared by employees and customers of the organization is secured (Gingrich, 2003). There might be an occurrence of violations of regulatory and legal reforms. The brand is not being protected and piracy of the information is being done. There might be a possibility that the customers might receive fraudulent messages regarding the company due to the occurrence of unauthorized access to the information shared by the user. There might be a possibility that the critical information related to business is being lost. Besides this, there is also a possibility that different IT systems in the business is not being integrated properly due to which information cannot be shared among the employees in timely manner (Bradberry, Greaves, 2009). Maintenance and monitoring of IT in a business For the purpose of monitoring the performance of the IT systems, the IT department of the organization monitor the performance of different IT systems in a regular manner in order to provide secured IT environment in the organization. The performance of all the IT systems is regularly monitored by the IT department as majority of the work processes are dependent on the IT infrastructure of the company. Besides this, the IT systems are secured by generating password to all the systems so that the information stored on the system cannot be accessed by the unauthorized person. The performance of the systems are measured and compared with the standard and if any deviations are found out then the IT department take actions to prevent the deviations. This helps in increasing the productivity of the systems in the business (Targett, Grimshaw. Powell, 2013). Conclusion Nowadays, increased use of internet and information technology has resulted in the increased use and implementation of the information technology by the businesses. It has been concluded that implementation of the IT systems in the organization helps in reducing the overall cost of the organization as there is a need of skilled employees at low level and reduction in the use of paperwork in the organization. Besides this, it also results in sharing of the information among employees and customers in a proper manner. References Targett, D., Grimshaw, D. Powell, P. (2013). IT in Business: A Business Manager's Casebook. Routledge. Bradberry, T. Greaves, J. (2009). Emotional Intelligence 2.0. TalentSmart. Gingrich, G. (2003). Managing IT in Government, Business Communities. Idea Group Inc. Corporation Essvale. (2011). Business Knowledge for It in Global Investment Banking. Essvale Corporation Limited. Essvale Corporation Limited. (2006). Business Knowledge for IT in Investment Banking: A Complete Handbook for IT Professionals. Essvale Corporation Limited. Haes, D. Wim, S.V.G. (2016). Strategic IT Governance and Alignment in Business Settings. IGI Global. Botha, J., Bothma, C.H. Geldenhuys, P. (2008). Managing E-commerce in Business. Juta and Company Ltd. Born, M. (2012). User Guidance in Business Process Modelling. Logos Verlag Berlin. McComb, D. (2003). Semantics in Business Systems: The Savvy Manager's Guide. Morgan Kaufmann. Acton, Q.A. (2012). Issues in Business and Industrial Marketing: 2011 Edition: ScholarlyBrief. ScholarlyEditions. Ozlem, B. (2011). Impact of E-Business Technologies on Public and Private Organizations: Industry Comparisons and Perspectives: Industry Comparisons and Perspectives. IGI Global. Tansey, S.D. (2003). Business, Information Technology and Society. Psychology Press. Gouge, I. (2012). e-Management: The Impact of e-Business on Todays IT Manager. Springer Science Business Media. Gouge, I. (2006). Shaping the IT Organization The Impact of Outsourcing and the New Business Model. Springer Science Business Media. In, L. (2013). Trends in E-Business, E-Services, and E-Commerce: Impact of Technology on Goods, Services, and Business Transactions: Impact of Technology on Goods, Services, and Business Transactions. IGI Global. Haines, R.W. (2007). Align IT: Business Impact Through IT. John Wiley Sons.

Membrane Essays - Membrane Biology, Transport Phenomena, Diffusion

Membrane The membrane has a double lipid layer through which fat- soluble substances will move, by passive transport or diffusion. The molecules will only move through if they are small enough. There are globular protein regions, which are hydrophilic. These regions allow water and water soluble substances through, but only if they are small enough, for example starch grains are too big. These substances move through by passive transport or diffusion. Diffusion is the passive movement of substances from a high concentration to a low concentration ( N.B., you don't need a membrane present, e.g. diffusion occurs in the air). In CONTRAST, diffusion of water across a semi- permeable membrane is called OSMOSIS. Active Transport Active transport requires energy from ATP, and involves carrier molecules studding the membranes. The carrier combines with the molecule on the outside, which requires ATP. It then moves across, (which also requires ATP), and returns. An example is glucose being transported by active transport by insulin. Why is it called the Fluid Mosaic Model? Fluid- it is called a fluid because proteins are said to wander through the membrane (hence fluid) Mosaic- it is a mosaic because it is a collection (or mosaic) of structures Model- because no matter how real the diagram looks, it is not real. Therefore, it is a model. SO you put all three bits together and you get.