Alternative Solutions to Medical Testing on Animals Article

Alternative Solutions to Medical Testing on Animals - Article Example An ethical principle that guides the use of alternative methods to animal testing encourages the replacement, reduction and refinement as an effective way of minimizing animal suffering while safeguarding biological experiments thereby proposing ethical alternatives as the discussion below portrays. One of such alternatives is cell cultures (Maguire and Eric 121). This refers to the process of growing both human and animal cells in cultures thereby providing scientists with an opportunity to carry their tests effectively. Psychological egoism is among the ethical theories that continue to propagate for the alternative. According to the theory, explains that self-interests often motivate most of the human actions. Scientists and biologists cause immense pain, suffering and even death to other animals in their desire to make inventions thereby enhancing the profits they acquire from such (Watson 66). The theory therefore encourages the use of cells, which provides the scientists with similar platform to carry scientific researches while saving animals from the immense pain. Objectivism is yet another ethical concept that encourages the use of alternatives to animal testing. The concept explains that reality exists independently of consciousness. As such, humans can acquire knowledge from inductive logic and concept formation. Additionally, the concept explains that pursuing one’s happiness is the moral purpose of life. Using animals in scientific experiments provides humans with an opportunity to develop knowledge. However, the concept encourages the use of other safer and painless ways of doing the same. Dissecting animals is often a bloody affair that most people abhor (Monamy 78). The theory therefore encourages methods that enhance personal happiness and does not cause doubts in the minds of the scientists. Reciprocal altruism further advances the thought for a safer and painless ways

EMPLOYEE RIGHTS, MANAGED CARE AND PATIENT SAFETY Essay - 1

EMPLOYEE RIGHTS, MANAGED CARE AND PATIENT SAFETY - Essay Example Such requests to abstain from certain patient treatment strategies are generally reviewed by an ethics committee. A similar right has been afforded to employees in cases involving abortion of fetuses if they consider it to be unethical. A similar right of refusal is also under consideration for pharmacists who can refuse to dispense medications meant for abortions if they deem it to be unethical and against their moral conscience. A caregiver or a nurse also has the right to question the concerned physician regarding the care given to a patient. If the explanation provided by the physician is unsatisfactory the caregiver has the right to take up the matter with a higher authority for further clarification (Pozgar, 2012). The Civil Rights Act of 1964 provides protection against employee discrimination on the basis of sex, age, nationality, race and religion. It also affords protection for workers against sexual harassment within a healthcare facility. The most vulnerable population wh o are more prone to face sexual harassment in an healthcare setting are nurses who are in many cases exploited by colleagues, physicians or patients for sexual favors in return for employment or which interferes with the working environment of the employee (Pozgar, 2012; Legal, Ethical and Safety Issues, n.d). The EEOC (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission) has issued guidelines against sexual harassment and also prohibits the creation of a hostile environment by improper sexual conduct. Nurses also have the right to offer appropriate guidance to the patient’s family even if it involves suggestions to change the physician especially in cases of patient negligence (Pozgar, 2012).Every individual working in the healthcare industry is entitled to be treated with dignity and respect by their employers. They must pay heed to the employee’s complaints, problems and concerns